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<div class=Section1>
<h1 style='margin-top:6.0pt'><b><font size=4 color=black face=Arial><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>... And Sewage, Too <o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt'><b><font size=2 color=black
face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
font-weight:bold'>By ROSE GEORGE<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt'><font size=2 color=black
face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Leeds,
England<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt'><font size=2 color=black
face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>ON
several quiet streets in Sheffield, a northern English city an hour from here,
are street lamps that look like ordinary gas lamps, but do not burn ordinary
gas. Instead, their light comes from gas released from the sewers that run
beneath them. Thus, they are both relics of the past, when gas lamps lighted
our streets, and of the future, when excrement and wastewater will again be
seen as a resource, not a waste. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt'><font size=2 color=black
face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>“Wastewater”
has always been recognized to have some value. In 1860, as waterborne sewer
systems were becoming the norm, an alderman named Mechi told Farmer’s
Magazine that “if the money value of our sewers could be shown to the
British farmer in bright and glittering heaps of sovereigns, he would gasp at
the enormous wealth, and make great efforts to obtain the treasure.”
Mechi was talking about the fertilizing nutrients in human “waste,”
which he thought were needlessly ruined by mixing excrement with water, but he
might also have been talking about its wasted energy potential. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:6.0pt'><font size=2 color=black
face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Sludge,
the solids that remain after sewage has been cleaned into effluent, has a high
B.T.U. content (a measurement of fuel’s energy); it burns efficiently and
well. Other aspects of wastewater treatment can also reap energy: anaerobic
digestion (whereby bacteria munch on the organic contents) produces methane,
which with turbines can become combined heat or power. Microbial fuel cells can
use bacteria to get electricity from sewage, while gasification, a
high-temperature process, can reap fuel-ready gas from sludge. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color="#0f243e" face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#0F243E'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color="#0f243e" face=Arial><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#0F243E'>Article
continues at: </span></font><font face=Arial><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/opinion/28george.html?th=&emc=th&pagewanted=print">http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/opinion/28george.html?th=&emc=th&pagewanted=print</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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