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</v:background></xml><![endif]--><div class=WordSection1><h1 style='margin-top:6.0pt'><b><font size=4 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt'>Ethanol, Nitrogen, MTBE, Lead<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h1><h2><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Are gasoline additives getting any better for the environment?<o:p></o:p></span></font></h2><p class=MsoNormal><span class=author><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>By Brian Palmer</span></font></span><font size=2><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><br><span class=dateline>Posted Tuesday, March 8, 2011, at 6:59 AM ET </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><hr size=2 width="100%" align=center></span></font></div><p><strong><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Gasoline companies have been pushing engine-cleaning formulations lately. Setting aside the benefits for my car, are these additives good for the environment?</span></font></b></strong><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Gasoline is a complex mixture of, well ... stuff. The thick crude oil that comes out of the earth bears little resemblance to the gasoline powering your Porsche. In order to make crude safe and useful for cars, refiners must add, alter, and remove hundreds of chemicals. These exotic molecules include long chains of carbons, detergents, and chemical enhancers that supposedly make gasoline cheaper, greener, and more efficient—values that are often at odds with each other.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>To appreciate the role these additives play, however, we need a basic understanding of hydrocarbons, the main ingredient of both crude oil and gasoline. Hydrocarbons consist of hydrogen and carbon atoms only, but in a dizzying variety of permutations, which scientists name after the number of carbon atoms each has. Crude oil contains lots of different forms—from methane, the simple one-carbon molecule, to 85-carbon chains with complicated branching patterns. Refiners have to break up the longer chains and eliminate some of the shorter chains to get a mixture that consists mostly of four- to 12-carbon molecules. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Refiners particularly prize octane, an eight-carbon molecule. Internal combustion engines work by compressing a mixture of air and gasoline in a closed cylinder, then igniting the mixture to create a controlled explosion. But if you compress the mixture too much, it can combust on its own before the spark comes along. This phenomenon is called knocking, and it's a quick way to destroy the engine.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Octane is highly compressible, which helps avoid knocking. That's why higher octane ratings at the pump are better for high-performance cars, which need higher compression to generate more power. Eighty-seven octane, for example, means the gas is 87 percent octane or at least behaves like gasoline with that much octane.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>That second clause is crucial, because, in reality, 87 octane gas—or 89, 91, and 93 octane gas, for that matter—never contains that precise percentage of octane. It's too challenging and expensive for refiners to reach that composition consistently. Instead, they're allowed to add foreign chemicals to the gasoline to get lower-quality fuel to behave like 87 octane.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><strong><b><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>Article continues at URL</span></font></b></strong><strong><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: <a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2287001/" target="_blank">http://www.slate.com/id/2287001/</a></span></font></b></strong><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><hr size=2 width="100%" align=center></span></font></div><h1 style='margin-top:0in'><b style='mso-ansi-font-weight:normal'><u><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>From NPR<o:p></o:p></span></font></u></b></h1><h1 style='margin-top:6.0pt'><b><font size=4 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt'>Tempest In A Foam Cup: Lawmakers Spar Over Plastic<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h1><p class=byline><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>by <a href="http://www.npr.org/people/4628641/ted-robbins">Ted Robbins</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>For the last four years, Capitol restaurants used eco-friendly plates, cups and utensils. Now, the Republicans in charge of the House have switched to plastic and foam.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>On Capitol Hill, it's goodbye biodegradable, hello plastic foam.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>For the last four years, Capitol restaurants used eco-friendly plates, cups and utensils — all part of former Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's "Green the Capitol" campaign.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Republicans, who are now in charge of the House, have gone after the tableware — and maybe more.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><strong><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Quality Concerns</span></font></b></strong><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>You can get a good lunch for less than $10 in the cafeteria at the Capitol's Rayburn House Office Building. And you can recycle the plastic water bottles — for now.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Article continues at: <font color="#0f243e"><span style='color:#0F243E'><a href="http://www.npr.org/2011/03/05/134278442/tempest-in-a-foam-cup-lawmakers-spar-over-plastic&sc=nl&cc=nh-20110305">http://www.npr.org/2011/03/05/134278442/tempest-in-a-foam-cup-lawmakers-spar-over-plastic&sc=nl&cc=nh-20110305</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></font></p><h1 align=center style='margin-top:0in;text-align:center'><b><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><hr size=2 width="100%" align=center></span></font></b></h1><h1 style='margin-top:0in'><b style='mso-ansi-font-weight:normal'><u><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-weight:normal;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>From Slate<o:p></o:p></span></font></u></b></h1><h1 style='margin-top:6.0pt'><b><font size=4 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt'>Styrofoam-<span class=SpellE>ing</span> at the Mouth<o:p></o:p></span></font></b></h1><p class=MsoNormal><span class=author><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=author><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>By Jacob <span class=SpellE>Leibenluft</span></span></font></span><font size=2><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><br><o:p></o:p></span></font></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><hr size=2 width="100%" align=center></span></font></div><p><strong><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>My office recently switched from Styrofoam coffee cups to a "bring your own mug" policy. Sounds like the right idea, but with all the water and paper towels we now waste on washing mugs, I'm not sure this is a huge net gain for the environment. What is the "greenest" way to drink coffee around the office?</span></font></b></strong><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Judging from all the letters the Lantern gets on this topic, you and your office-mates are not alone in being confused about how to balance a caffeine addiction with a concern about responsible consumption. It's true: You'll have a hard time finding a more eco-unfriendly product than the material most of us call Styrofoam. Those soft, white cups are made of highly processed petroleum (polystyrene, to be exact), and they're almost certain to languish in a landfill for centuries. Still, it may not always be the right move to switch over to ceramic or stainless-steel mugs. It all comes down to which aspects of the environment you care about most.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>If your biggest concern is landfill waste, there's no question that a reusable cup is best. While it's technically possible to recycle a polystyrene cup or a paper cup, your office will be hard-pressed to find a way to do so: Polystyrene recyclers are difficult to find, and the waxy coating on paper cups—not to mention the leftover food residue—makes it equally unlikely that these cups will find a second life. If you use a disposable cup, it's going to linger a long while on this Earth—polystyrene isn't biodegradable at all, and for all practical purposes, you shouldn't expect a paper cup to degrade very fast in a landfill, either.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>But water use matters, too—especially if you're living in parts of the country, like South Carolina or California, that have recently <a href="http://drought.unl.edu/dm/monitor.html" target="_blank"><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>faced droughts</span></a>. By this measure, using a mug doesn't look quite as good, given that each wash will require substantially more water than it takes to make a polystyrene or paper cup.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Finally, there's the question of energy use and emissions. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p><strong><b><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>Article continues at URL</span></font></b></strong><strong><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>: <a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2200158/" target="_blank">http://www.slate.com/id/2200158/</a></span></font></b></strong><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color="#0f243e" face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;color:#0F243E'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p></div></body></html>